Why the versions on Windows and Linux are different?

My version on Windows is the 4.3.3, while on my Linux is the 4.2.2. On the official download page, it says the newest version for Debian 12 is December 2024, but in the software it says 2022. And when I check through the software for a newer version, it says it is the latest version. How can I get version 4.3.3 for Linux?

The latest is 4.4.3:
The Comprehensive R Archive Network
Older versions:
Index of /src/base/R-4
Debian version and packages:
Debian Packages of R Software

I think I wasn't clear, I'm referring to the RStudio versions, not the R versions. Also, to complement, the official download page I mentioned is as follows: RStudio Desktop - Posit

I don't understand what you mean. The R downloads from your link are just mirrors of the ones I provided.

If you are referring to RStudio Desktop downloads then they have an entirely different numbering version, so are not 4.x.x, etc. Those are available from your link, but you need to install R separately.