You can definitely create tables with more than 24 columns, there is just something wrong with the name of the column you have. Without reprex it's impossible to say what's the problem, but here is the example of how you can prepare one + confirmation that it's possible to create a table with 66 columns:
library("RSQLite")
library(magrittr)
db <- dbConnect(SQLite(), dbname="chinook.db")
mtcars_many_columns <- cbind(mtcars, mtcars, mtcars, mtcars, mtcars, mtcars) %>%
tibble::as_tibble(.name_repair = "unique")
#> New names:
#> * mpg -> mpg...1
#> * cyl -> cyl...2
#> * disp -> disp...3
#> * hp -> hp...4
#> * drat -> drat...5
#> * … and 61 more problems
dbCreateTable(db, "Newtable3", mtcars_many_columns, temporary = TRUE)
res <- dplyr::tbl(src = db, "Newtable3")
res
#> # Source: table<Newtable3> [?? x 66]
#> # Database: sqlite 3.29.0 [chinook.db]
#> # … with 66 variables: mpg...1 <dbl>, cyl...2 <dbl>, disp...3 <dbl>,
#> # hp...4 <dbl>, drat...5 <dbl>, wt...6 <dbl>, qsec...7 <dbl>,
#> # vs...8 <dbl>, am...9 <dbl>, gear...10 <dbl>, carb...11 <dbl>,
#> # mpg...12 <dbl>, cyl...13 <dbl>, disp...14 <dbl>, hp...15 <dbl>,
#> # drat...16 <dbl>, wt...17 <dbl>, qsec...18 <dbl>, vs...19 <dbl>,
#> # am...20 <dbl>, gear...21 <dbl>, carb...22 <dbl>, mpg...23 <dbl>,
#> # cyl...24 <dbl>, disp...25 <dbl>, hp...26 <dbl>, drat...27 <dbl>,
#> # wt...28 <dbl>, qsec...29 <dbl>, vs...30 <dbl>, am...31 <dbl>,
#> # gear...32 <dbl>, carb...33 <dbl>, mpg...34 <dbl>, cyl...35 <dbl>,
#> # disp...36 <dbl>, hp...37 <dbl>, drat...38 <dbl>, wt...39 <dbl>,
#> # qsec...40 <dbl>, vs...41 <dbl>, am...42 <dbl>, gear...43 <dbl>,
#> # carb...44 <dbl>, mpg...45 <dbl>, cyl...46 <dbl>, disp...47 <dbl>,
#> # hp...48 <dbl>, drat...49 <dbl>, wt...50 <dbl>, qsec...51 <dbl>,
#> # vs...52 <dbl>, am...53 <dbl>, gear...54 <dbl>, carb...55 <dbl>,
#> # mpg...56 <dbl>, cyl...57 <dbl>, disp...58 <dbl>, hp...59 <dbl>,
#> # drat...60 <dbl>, wt...61 <dbl>, qsec...62 <dbl>, vs...63 <dbl>,
#> # am...64 <dbl>, gear...65 <dbl>, carb...66 <dbl>
Created on 2019-08-22 by the reprex package (v0.3.0)