Have you considered adding a keyboard shortcut for changing between (perhaps two preferred) themes? During the day I like to work with a white theme, but in the evenings it would be nice if there was a shortcut, to change to my preferred dark theme.
Very interesting thought! I'm not sure if this is currently a feature or not. Might be worth a mention for a feature request at https://github.com/rstudio/rstudio/issues
It is more likely that we'd expose a way to change the theme using the rstudioapi package; we already have theme functions in there such as getThemeInfo().
You could then build yourself an addin or snippet that you could bind to a key. A little more effort required, but then you could make it work however you want -- for instance, automatically adjusting the theme based on the time of day!