I am running Shiny Server using R 3.5.1 on CentOS 7.5. Furthermore, the same thing happens when I try to run RMarkdown with Shiny from RStudio Server 1.2 Preview.
The page loads, but the static ggplot2 image generated by the RMarkdown file shows up as a broken link in the page.
The log file shows the following warnings:
Warning in file.rename(from, to) :
cannot rename file '/tmp/shinytidy/rmarkdown/ffd833b364179a334684ed3d731da33e/rmd_ffd833b364179a334684ed3d731da33e_files/figure-html' to '/tmp/shinytidy/rmarkdown/ffd833b364179a334684ed3d731da33e//tmp/shinytidy/rmarkdown/ffd833b364179a334684ed3d731da33e/rmd_ffd833b364179a334684ed3d731da33e_files/figure-html', reason 'No such file or directory'
I have found that changing output from html_notebook to html_document causes the image to properly render.
This makes me want to believe it's an rmarkdown bug. It would be great to have a small set of code to reproduce this, especially if you can fix it by changing to html_document from html_notebook.