Dummy variables

General
1

Hi,

I am trying to conduct the panel regression with dummies, however, R does not calculate dummies for the country. I would be grateful for the help on this issue.

Call:
plm(formula = Y ~ X3 + X4 + X5 + X6 + X7 + X8 + X9 + X10 + X11 +
X12 + factor(country) + factor(year), data = Data_Filip_Victoria_EJIM,
model = "within")

Balanced Panel: n = 26, T = 6, N = 156

Residuals:
Min. 1st Qu. Median 3rd Qu. Max.
-65.4798 -3.5062 0.3463 2.4321 46.3811

Coefficients:
Estimate Std. Error t-value Pr(>|t|)
X3 -6.18116 7.36421 -0.8394 0.40301
X4 0.87489 3.51136 0.2492 0.80368
X5 -2.24435 3.57458 -0.6279 0.53134
X6 8.06015 3.60927 2.2332 0.02747 *
X7 -4.07536 4.30825 -0.9459 0.34616
X8 -2.00205 6.91613 -0.2895 0.77274
X9 12.62895 5.79572 2.1790 0.03137 *
X10 3.24751 8.29986 0.3913 0.69632
X11 -0.15639 6.20799 -0.0252 0.97995
X12 7.04843 5.65464 1.2465 0.21512
factor(year)2010 -0.05394 3.17055 -0.0170 0.98646
factor(year)2012 -0.45208 3.18106 -0.1421 0.88724
factor(year)2014 -5.08268 3.43082 -1.4815 0.14121
factor(year)2016 -3.69588 3.55666 -1.0391 0.30092
factor(year)2018 -5.56154 3.24465 -1.7141 0.08921 .

Signif. codes: 0 ‘’ 0.001 ‘’ 0.01 ‘’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1

Total Sum of Squares: 14747
Residual Sum of Squares: 12438
R-Squared: 0.15661
Adj. R-Squared: -0.13674
F-statistic: 1.42364 on 15 and 115 DF, p-value: 0.14784

2

Hi, what does Data_Filip_Victoria_EJIM look like? Can you provide a reproducible example?

3

The data is as follows. Actually, with the previous R version, all the calculations were okay, but this version skips the country dummy.

country year X3 X4 X5 X6 X7 X8 X9 X10 X11 X12 Y
Austria 2007 4,06 6,05 5,55 4,64 5,75 3,83 3,97 4,13 3,97 4,44 6,56
Austria 2010 3,68 6,45 5,54 4,98 6,17 3,49 3,78 3,70 3,83 4,08 0,66
Austria 2012 4,05 6,24 5,29 4,73 5,93 3,77 3,71 4,10 3,97 3,79 0,97
Austria 2014 3,64 6,22 5,22 4,72 5,40 3,53 3,26 3,56 3,93 4,04 1,04
Austria 2016 4,08 6,14 5,29 4,02 5,36 3,79 3,85 4,18 4,36 4,37 -2,15
Austria 2018 4,18 5,95 5,26 3,87 5,21 3,71 3,88 4,08 4,09 4,25 0,46
Belgium 2007 4,00 5,97 5,97 6,26 5,90 3,61 3,65 3,95 3,96 4,25 19,87
Belgium 2010 4,01 5,78 5,61 6,34 6,16 3,83 3,31 4,13 4,22 4,29 11,97
Belgium 2012 4,12 5,36 5,36 6,45 6,22 3,85 3,73 3,98 4,05 4,20 2,35
Belgium 2014 4,10 5,39 4,96 6,28 5,97 3,80 3,80 4,11 4,11 4,39 -0,66
Belgium 2016 4,05 5,14 4,89 6,31 5,84 3,83 4,05 4,07 4,22 4,43 12,44
Belgium 2018 3,98 4,51 4,79 6,14 5,68 3,66 3,99 4,13 4,05 4,41 3,27
Bulgaria 2007 2,47 2,33 2,92 3,45 3,46 2,47 2,79 2,86 3,14 3,56 27,90
Bulgaria 2010 2,30 2,17 2,94 3,62 3,75 2,50 3,07 2,85 2,96 3,18 3,08
Bulgaria 2012 3,20 2,11 2,99 3,75 4,15 2,97 3,25 3,10 3,16 3,56 3,14
Bulgaria 2014 2,94 2,95 3,05 3,92 4,19 2,75 3,31 3,00 2,88 4,04 0,81
Bulgaria 2016 2,35 3,28 3,12 3,91 4,05 2,40 2,93 3,06 2,72 3,31 1,91
Bulgaria 2018 2,76 3,36 3,01 4,12 4,26 2,94 3,23 2,88 3,02 3,31 1,83
Croatia 2007 2,50 4,74 3,55 3,18 4,08 2,36 2,69 2,83 2,46 3,45 7,76
Croatia 2010 2,36 5,06 3,45 3,75 4,34 2,62 2,97 2,53 2,82 3,22 1,96
Croatia 2012 3,35 5,43 3,23 3,98 4,41 3,06 2,95 2,92 3,20 3,54 2,32
Croatia 2014 2,92 5,51 3,10 4,30 4,37 2,95 2,98 3,00 3,11 3,37 5,02
Croatia 2016 2,99 5,57 2,66 4,55 4,16 3,07 3,12 3,21 3,16 3,39 0,53
Croatia 2018 3,01 5,46 2,76 4,64 4,25 2,98 2,93 3,10 3,01 3,59 1,89
Czechia 2007 3,00 3,75 4,43 3,43 5,15 2,95 3,06 3,00 3,27 3,56 5,52
Czechia 2010 3,25 3,32 4,35 4,16 5,90 3,31 3,42 3,27 3,60 4,16 2,96
Czechia 2012 2,96 3,61 4,53 4,67 5,95 2,95 3,01 3,34 3,17 3,40 3,85
Czechia 2014 3,29 3,72 4,59 4,42 5,76 3,24 3,59 3,51 3,56 3,73 2,64
Czechia 2016 3,36 3,97 4,53 3,60 5,41 3,58 3,65 3,65 3,84 3,94 5,03
Czechia 2018 3,46 3,95 4,41 3,47 5,25 3,29 3,75 3,72 3,70 4,13 4,49
Denmark 2007 3,82 6,36 5,90 6,42 6,41 3,97 3,67 3,83 3,76 4,11 2,08
Denmark 2010 3,99 6,06 5,36 6,22 6,43 3,58 3,46 3,83 3,94 4,38 -2,79
Denmark 2012 4,07 6,29 5,51 6,15 6,32 3,93 3,70 4,14 4,10 4,21 0,24
Denmark 2014 3,82 5,45 4,47 5,68 5,64 3,79 3,65 3,74 3,36 4,39 1,33
Denmark 2016 3,75 5,59 4,63 5,76 5,58 3,82 3,66 4,01 3,74 3,92 0,08
Denmark 2018 3,96 5,52 4,56 5,70 6,05 3,92 3,53 4,01 4,18 4,41 0,05
Estonia 2007 2,91 3,68 3,15 5,29 5,21 2,75 2,85 3,00 2,84 3,35 10,30
Estonia 2010 2,75 4,22 3,56 5,60 4,87 3,14 3,17 3,17 2,95 3,68 7,66
Estonia 2012 2,79 4,49 3,53 5,61 4,39 2,51 2,82 2,82 3,00 3,23 6,75
Estonia 2014 3,34 4,20 3,56 5,60 4,14 3,40 3,34 3,27 3,20 3,55 2,56
Estonia 2016 3,18 4,53 3,87 5,55 3,73 3,41 3,07 3,18 3,25 4,08 4,41
Estonia 2018 3,10 4,72 4,11 5,61 5,14 3,32 3,26 3,15 3,21 3,80 4,83
Finland 2007 3,81 5,45 5,83 6,16 6,28 3,68 3,30 3,85 4,17 4,18 4,86
Finland 2010 4,08 5,89 5,86 6,45 6,33 3,86 3,41 3,92 4,09 4,08 2,95
Finland 2012 4,12 5,83 5,56 6,21 6,16 3,98 3,85 4,14 4,14 4,10 1,61
Finland 2014 3,52 6,10 5,87 6,38 6,22 3,89 3,52 3,72 3,31 3,80 6,77
Finland 2016 4,01 5,78 5,82 6,36 6,05 4,01 3,51 3,88 4,04 4,14 3,57
Finland 2018 4,00 5,42 5,63 6,20 6,31 3,82 3,56 3,89 4,32 4,28 -0,88
France 2007 3,82 6,64 7,02 6,02 6,41 3,51 3,63 3,76 3,87 4,02 2,38
France 2010 4,00 6,63 6,53 5,89 6,31 3,63 3,30 3,87 4,01 4,37 0,52
France 2012 3,96 6,56 6,40 5,59 6,33 3,64 3,73 3,82 3,97 4,02 0,60
France 2014 3,98 6,40 6,29 5,41 6,06 3,65 3,68 3,75 3,89 4,17 0,09
France 2016 4,01 6,08 5,81 5,28 5,84 3,71 3,64 3,82 4,02 4,25 0,93
France 2018 4,00 6,05 5,76 5,14 5,73 3,59 3,55 3,84 4,00 4,15 1,37
Germany 2007 4,19 6,55 6,52 6,41 6,65 3,88 3,91 4,21 4,12 4,33 2,34
Germany 2010 4,34 6,49 6,35 6,38 6,61 4,00 3,66 4,14 4,18 4,48 1,93
Germany 2012 4,26 6,15 5,74 6,13 6,45 3,87 3,67 4,09 4,05 4,32 0,80
Germany 2014 4,32 6,01 5,72 5,85 6,08 4,10 3,74 4,12 4,17 4,36 -0,08
Germany 2016 4,44 5,72 5,58 5,61 5,95 4,12 3,86 4,28 4,27 4,45 0,45
Germany 2018 4,37 5,51 5,50 5,45 5,76 4,09 3,86 4,31 4,24 4,39 1,86
Greece 2007 3,05 4,31 2,70 4,53 5,42 3,06 3,11 3,33 3,53 4,12 0,66
Greece 2010 2,94 4,11 2,88 4,14 5,48 2,48 2,85 2,69 3,31 3,49 0,11
Greece 2012 2,88 3,98 2,57 4,13 5,40 2,38 2,69 2,76 2,98 3,32 0,71
Greece 2014 3,17 4,21 2,73 4,49 5,26 3,36 2,97 3,23 3,03 3,50 1,13
Greece 2016 3,32 4,28 2,83 4,59 5,12 2,85 2,97 2,91 3,59 3,85 1,42
Greece 2018 3,17 4,52 2,84 4,53 4,79 2,84 3,30 3,06 3,18 3,66 1,82
Hungary 2007 3,12 3,56 3,29 3,09 4,42 3,00 3,07 3,07 3,00 3,69 2,82
Hungary 2010 3,08 3,76 3,36 3,93 4,80 2,83 2,78 2,87 2,87 3,52 1,79
Hungary 2012 3,14 4,03 3,56 4,05 4,74 2,82 2,99 3,18 3,52 3,41 11,40
Hungary 2014 3,18 4,01 3,56 3,92 3,94 2,97 3,40 3,33 3,82 4,06 5,67
Hungary 2016 3,48 4,22 3,80 3,37 4,23 3,02 3,44 3,35 3,40 3,88 -4,27
Hungary 2018 3,27 4,15 3,60 3,25 4,13 3,35 3,22 3,21 3,67 3,79 5,30
Ireland 2007 3,72 3,71 3,37 4,20 5,34 3,82 3,76 3,93 3,96 4,32 9,15
Ireland 2010 3,76 3,94 3,22 4,44 5,20 3,60 3,70 3,82 4,02 4,47 19,27
Ireland 2012 3,35 4,81 3,95 5,22 5,55 3,40 3,40 3,54 3,65 3,77 21,73
Ireland 2014 3,84 5,29 4,05 5,19 5,55 3,80 3,44 3,94 4,13 4,13 18,67
Ireland 2016 3,77 5,27 4,04 5,33 5,76 3,47 3,83 3,79 3,98 3,94 13,11
Ireland 2018 3,29 4,64 3,69 5,11 5,38 3,36 3,42 3,60 3,62 3,76 -7,34
Italy 2007 3,52 4,17 3,12 3,18 4,45 3,19 3,57 3,63 3,66 3,93 1,98
Italy 2010 3,72 4,03 3,40 3,66 4,10 3,38 3,21 3,74 3,83 4,08 0,43
Italy 2012 3,74 4,20 3,53 3,91 4,60 3,34 3,53 3,65 3,73 4,05 0,00
Italy 2014 3,78 4,37 4,24 4,28 4,35 3,36 3,54 3,62 3,84 4,05 1,08
Italy 2016 3,79 4,42 3,96 4,32 4,52 3,45 3,65 3,77 3,86 4,03 1,52
Italy 2018 3,85 4,52 4,08 4,41 4,63 3,47 3,51 3,66 3,85 4,13 1,58
Latvia 2007 2,56 3,44 3,57 4,33 5,04 2,53 3,31 2,94 3,06 3,69 7,52
Latvia 2010 2,88 3,19 3,77 4,40 5,48 2,94 3,38 2,96 3,55 3,72 1,76
Latvia 2012 2,52 3,10 3,87 4,68 5,17 2,71 2,72 2,64 2,97 3,08 3,94
Latvia 2014 3,03 3,00 4,18 5,10 5,39 3,22 3,38 3,21 3,50 4,06 2,85
Latvia 2016 3,24 3,31 4,03 5,18 5,37 3,11 3,28 3,29 3,42 3,62 0,93
Latvia 2018 2,98 3,05 4,24 5,09 5,21 2,80 2,74 2,69 2,79 2,88 2,89
Lithuania 2007 2,30 4,92 4,26 4,00 4,47 2,64 3,00 2,70 2,60 3,40 5,76
Lithuania 2010 2,72 5,28 4,19 4,73 4,22 2,79 3,19 2,85 3,27 3,92 2,75
Lithuania 2012 2,58 5,23 4,44 4,90 3,73 2,73 2,97 2,91 2,73 3,70 1,87
Lithuania 2014 3,18 5,02 4,67 5,13 4,32 3,04 3,10 2,99 3,17 3,60 -0,38
Lithuania 2016 3,57 4,96 4,42 4,85 4,12 3,42 3,49 3,49 3,68 4,14 1,01
Lithuania 2018 2,73 4,73 4,39 4,76 4,36 2,85 2,79 2,96 3,12 3,65 2,05
Luxembourg 2007 3,86 5,69 5,24 4,46 5,22 3,67 3,00 3,22 3,56 4,00 -58,33
Luxembourg 2010 4,06 5,78 5,10 5,52 5,43 4,04 3,67 3,67 3,92 4,58 73,53
Luxembourg 2012 3,79 5,89 5,10 5,21 5,80 3,54 3,70 3,82 3,91 4,19 44,99
Luxembourg 2014 3,91 5,79 5,03 5,40 5,59 3,82 3,82 3,78 3,68 4,71 28,58
Luxembourg 2016 4,24 5,57 5,05 4,68 5,38 3,90 4,24 4,01 4,12 4,80 52,56
Luxembourg 2018 3,63 5,46 4,86 4,55 5,62 3,53 3,37 3,76 3,61 3,90 -23,63
Netherlands 2007 4,29 5,92 5,58 6,68 6,43 3,99 4,05 4,25 4,14 4,38 13,47
Netherlands 2010 4,25 5,35 5,64 6,60 6,36 3,98 3,61 4,16 4,12 4,41 -0,85
Netherlands 2012 4,15 5,65 5,73 6,63 6,50 3,85 3,86 4,05 4,12 4,15 2,98
Netherlands 2014 4,23 6,05 5,48 6,79 6,46 3,96 3,64 4,13 4,07 4,34 5,05
Netherlands 2016 4,29 6,22 5,69 6,77 6,41 4,12 3,94 4,22 4,17 4,41 3,92
Netherlands 2018 4,21 6,14 5,76 6,79 6,58 3,92 3,68 4,09 4,02 4,25 12,50
Poland 2007 2,69 3,20 2,13 3,57 3,88 2,88 2,92 3,04 3,12 3,59 4,62
Poland 2010 2,98 2,06 2,89 2,82 3,74 3,12 3,22 3,26 3,45 4,52 2,67
Poland 2012 3,10 2,33 2,47 3,45 3,65 3,30 3,47 3,30 3,32 4,04 2,48
Poland 2014 3,08 3,05 2,56 3,68 3,91 3,26 3,46 3,47 3,54 4,13 2,62
Poland 2016 3,17 3,81 3,11 4,02 4,07 3,27 3,44 3,39 3,46 3,80 3,32
Poland 2018 3,21 4,10 3,56 4,21 4,46 3,25 3,68 3,58 3,51 3,95 2,38
Portugal 2007 3,16 5,43 4,55 4,73 5,54 3,24 3,23 3,19 3,44 4,06 1,17
Portugal 2010 3,17 5,98 4,41 4,72 5,18 3,31 3,02 3,31 3,38 3,84 1,22
Portugal 2012 3,42 6,29 4,40 4,93 5,53 3,19 3,43 3,48 3,60 3,88 3,81
Portugal 2014 3,37 6,35 4,44 5,18 5,62 3,26 3,43 3,71 3,71 3,87 2,13
Portugal 2016 3,09 6,16 4,26 5,30 5,56 3,37 3,24 3,15 3,65 3,95 2,46
Portugal 2018 3,25 6,02 4,22 5,18 5,45 3,17 3,83 3,71 3,72 4,13 2,82
Romania 2007 2,73 2,06 2,50 3,41 3,78 2,60 3,20 2,86 2,86 3,18 5,57
Romania 2010 2,25 1,98 2,73 3,26 4,05 2,36 3,24 2,68 2,90 3,45 1,80
Romania 2012 2,51 2,10 2,36 2,75 3,64 2,65 2,99 2,83 3,10 3,82 1,87
Romania 2014 2,77 2,08 2,33 3,00 3,36 2,83 3,32 3,20 3,39 4,00 1,61
Romania 2016 2,88 2,80 2,75 3,42 3,56 3,00 3,06 2,82 2,95 3,22 2,65
Romania 2018 2,91 2,70 2,60 3,53 4,04 2,58 3,18 3,07 3,26 3,68 2,60
Slovakia 2007 2,68 3,67 4,40 3,29 3,48 2,61 3,09 3,00 2,87 3,26 5,21
Slovakia 2010 3,00 3,47 4,43 4,12 3,54 2,79 3,05 3,15 3,54 3,92 1,96
Slovakia 2012 2,99 3,59 4,45 3,90 3,18 2,88 2,84 3,07 2,84 3,57 3,16
Slovakia 2014 3,22 3,62 4,35 3,69 3,23 2,89 3,30 3,16 3,02 3,94 -0,51
Slovakia 2016 3,24 4,03 4,59 3,16 3,52 3,28 3,41 3,12 3,12 3,81 0,90
Slovakia 2018 3,00 3,99 4,43 3,01 3,47 2,79 3,10 3,14 2,99 3,14 1,12
Slovenia 2007 3,22 4,44 3,47 4,62 4,71 2,79 3,14 3,09 2,91 3,73 1,58
Slovenia 2010 2,65 4,94 3,48 5,25 4,86 2,59 2,84 2,90 3,16 3,10 0,22
Slovenia 2012 3,24 4,68 2,88 5,24 4,64 3,05 3,34 3,25 3,20 3,60 0,73
Slovenia 2014 3,35 5,08 3,24 5,09 4,33 3,11 3,05 3,51 3,51 3,82 2,11
Slovenia 2016 3,19 4,65 3,18 4,97 4,42 2,88 3,10 3,20 3,27 3,47 2,79
Slovenia 2018 3,26 4,41 2,92 5,03 4,32 3,42 3,19 3,05 3,27 3,70 2,53
Spain 2007 3,51 5,37 4,87 5,06 5,68 3,17 3,45 3,55 3,62 3,86 4,37
Spain 2010 3,58 5,17 4,77 5,18 5,50 3,47 3,11 3,62 3,96 4,12 2,81
Spain 2012 3,74 5,91 5,65 5,76 6,02 3,40 3,68 3,69 3,67 4,02 1,94
Spain 2014 3,77 5,95 5,88 5,78 6,04 3,63 3,51 3,83 3,54 4,07 1,65
Spain 2016 3,72 5,80 5,95 5,65 5,89 3,48 3,63 3,73 3,82 4,00 2,56
Spain 2018 3,84 5,50 5,46 5,52 5,83 3,62 3,83 3,80 3,83 4,06 3,17
Sweden 2007 4,11 5,50 5,74 5,69 5,79 3,85 3,90 4,06 4,15 4,43 5,86
Sweden 2010 4,03 5,69 5,42 5,87 6,04 3,88 3,83 4,22 4,22 4,32 0,02
Sweden 2012 4,13 5,66 5,00 6,04 6,25 3,68 3,39 3,90 3,82 4,26 2,95
Sweden 2014 4,09 5,52 4,57 5,82 5,73 3,75 3,76 3,98 3,97 4,26 0,69
Sweden 2016 4,27 5,36 4,25 5,62 5,60 3,92 4,00 4,25 4,38 4,45 3,71
Sweden 2018 4,24 5,48 4,57 5,50 5,76 4,05 3,92 3,98 3,88 4,28 0,69
United Kingdom 2007 4,05 5,75 4,68 5,38 6,34 3,74 3,85 4,02 4,10 4,25 5,70
United Kingdom 2010 3,95 5,15 4,52 5,22 5,56 3,74 3,66 3,92 4,13 4,37 2,35
United Kingdom 2012 3,95 5,47 4,88 5,61 5,94 3,73 3,63 3,93 4,00 4,19 2,05
United Kingdom 2014 4,16 5,31 5,01 5,68 5,61 3,94 3,63 4,03 4,08 4,33 0,81
United Kingdom 2016 4,21 5,16 4,78 5,67 5,78 3,98 3,77 4,05 4,13 4,33 9,60
United Kingdom 2018 4,03 5,11 4,70 5,49 5,51 3,77 3,67 4,05 4,11 4,33 2,29
4

Interesting. Not sure. Here is a reproducible example anyway.

library(plm)

Data_Filip_Victoria_EJIM <- data.frame(
  stringsAsFactors = FALSE,
                 country = c("Austria",
                             "Austria","Austria","Austria","Austria","Austria",
                             "Belgium","Belgium","Belgium","Belgium","Belgium",
                             "Belgium","Bulgaria","Bulgaria","Bulgaria",
                             "Bulgaria","Bulgaria","Bulgaria","Croatia",
                             "Croatia","Croatia","Croatia","Croatia","Croatia",
                             "Czechia","Czechia","Czechia","Czechia","Czechia",
                             "Czechia","Denmark","Denmark","Denmark",
                             "Denmark","Denmark","Denmark","Estonia","Estonia",
                             "Estonia","Estonia","Estonia","Estonia","Finland",
                             "Finland","Finland","Finland","Finland",
                             "Finland","France","France","France","France",
                             "France","France","Germany","Germany","Germany",
                             "Germany","Germany","Germany","Greece","Greece",
                             "Greece","Greece","Greece","Greece","Hungary",
                             "Hungary","Hungary","Hungary","Hungary","Hungary",
                             "Ireland","Ireland","Ireland","Ireland",
                             "Ireland","Ireland","Italy","Italy","Italy","Italy",
                             "Italy","Italy","Latvia","Latvia","Latvia",
                             "Latvia","Latvia","Latvia","Lithuania",
                             "Lithuania","Lithuania","Lithuania","Lithuania",
                             "Lithuania","Luxembourg","Luxembourg","Luxembourg",
                             "Luxembourg","Luxembourg","Luxembourg","Netherlands",
                             "Netherlands","Netherlands","Netherlands",
                             "Netherlands","Netherlands","Poland","Poland",
                             "Poland","Poland","Poland","Poland","Portugal",
                             "Portugal","Portugal","Portugal","Portugal",
                             "Portugal","Romania","Romania","Romania","Romania",
                             "Romania","Romania","Slovakia","Slovakia",
                             "Slovakia","Slovakia","Slovakia","Slovakia","Slovenia",
                             "Slovenia","Slovenia","Slovenia","Slovenia",
                             "Slovenia","Spain","Spain","Spain","Spain",
                             "Spain","Spain","Sweden","Sweden","Sweden",
                             "Sweden","Sweden","Sweden","United Kingdom",
                             "United Kingdom","United Kingdom","United Kingdom",
                             "United Kingdom","United Kingdom"),
                    year = c(2007L,2010L,2012L,
                             2014L,2016L,2018L,2007L,2010L,2012L,2014L,
                             2016L,2018L,2007L,2010L,2012L,2014L,2016L,
                             2018L,2007L,2010L,2012L,2014L,2016L,2018L,
                             2007L,2010L,2012L,2014L,2016L,2018L,2007L,2010L,
                             2012L,2014L,2016L,2018L,2007L,2010L,2012L,
                             2014L,2016L,2018L,2007L,2010L,2012L,2014L,
                             2016L,2018L,2007L,2010L,2012L,2014L,2016L,2018L,
                             2007L,2010L,2012L,2014L,2016L,2018L,2007L,
                             2010L,2012L,2014L,2016L,2018L,2007L,2010L,
                             2012L,2014L,2016L,2018L,2007L,2010L,2012L,
                             2014L,2016L,2018L,2007L,2010L,2012L,2014L,2016L,
                             2018L,2007L,2010L,2012L,2014L,2016L,2018L,
                             2007L,2010L,2012L,2014L,2016L,2018L,2007L,
                             2010L,2012L,2014L,2016L,2018L,2007L,2010L,2012L,
                             2014L,2016L,2018L,2007L,2010L,2012L,2014L,
                             2016L,2018L,2007L,2010L,2012L,2014L,2016L,
                             2018L,2007L,2010L,2012L,2014L,2016L,2018L,
                             2007L,2010L,2012L,2014L,2016L,2018L,2007L,2010L,
                             2012L,2014L,2016L,2018L,2007L,2010L,2012L,
                             2014L,2016L,2018L,2007L,2010L,2012L,2014L,
                             2016L,2018L,2007L,2010L,2012L,2014L,2016L,2018L),
                      X3 = c(4.06,3.68,4.05,
                             3.64,4.08,4.18,4,4.01,4.12,4.1,4.05,3.98,
                             2.47,2.3,3.2,2.94,2.35,2.76,2.5,2.36,3.35,
                             2.92,2.99,3.01,3,3.25,2.96,3.29,3.36,3.46,
                             3.82,3.99,4.07,3.82,3.75,3.96,2.91,2.75,2.79,
                             3.34,3.18,3.1,3.81,4.08,4.12,3.52,4.01,4,
                             3.82,4,3.96,3.98,4.01,4,4.19,4.34,4.26,
                             4.32,4.44,4.37,3.05,2.94,2.88,3.17,3.32,3.17,
                             3.12,3.08,3.14,3.18,3.48,3.27,3.72,3.76,
                             3.35,3.84,3.77,3.29,3.52,3.72,3.74,3.78,3.79,
                             3.85,2.56,2.88,2.52,3.03,3.24,2.98,2.3,2.72,
                             2.58,3.18,3.57,2.73,3.86,4.06,3.79,3.91,
                             4.24,3.63,4.29,4.25,4.15,4.23,4.29,4.21,2.69,
                             2.98,3.1,3.08,3.17,3.21,3.16,3.17,3.42,
                             3.37,3.09,3.25,2.73,2.25,2.51,2.77,2.88,2.91,
                             2.68,3,2.99,3.22,3.24,3,3.22,2.65,3.24,
                             3.35,3.19,3.26,3.51,3.58,3.74,3.77,3.72,3.84,
                             4.11,4.03,4.13,4.09,4.27,4.24,4.05,3.95,
                             3.95,4.16,4.21,4.03),
                      X4 = c(6.05,6.45,6.24,
                             6.22,6.14,5.95,5.97,5.78,5.36,5.39,5.14,4.51,
                             2.33,2.17,2.11,2.95,3.28,3.36,4.74,5.06,
                             5.43,5.51,5.57,5.46,3.75,3.32,3.61,3.72,3.97,
                             3.95,6.36,6.06,6.29,5.45,5.59,5.52,3.68,
                             4.22,4.49,4.2,4.53,4.72,5.45,5.89,5.83,6.1,
                             5.78,5.42,6.64,6.63,6.56,6.4,6.08,6.05,6.55,
                             6.49,6.15,6.01,5.72,5.51,4.31,4.11,3.98,
                             4.21,4.28,4.52,3.56,3.76,4.03,4.01,4.22,4.15,
                             3.71,3.94,4.81,5.29,5.27,4.64,4.17,4.03,
                             4.2,4.37,4.42,4.52,3.44,3.19,3.1,3,3.31,
                             3.05,4.92,5.28,5.23,5.02,4.96,4.73,5.69,5.78,
                             5.89,5.79,5.57,5.46,5.92,5.35,5.65,6.05,
                             6.22,6.14,3.2,2.06,2.33,3.05,3.81,4.1,5.43,
                             5.98,6.29,6.35,6.16,6.02,2.06,1.98,2.1,2.08,
                             2.8,2.7,3.67,3.47,3.59,3.62,4.03,3.99,4.44,
                             4.94,4.68,5.08,4.65,4.41,5.37,5.17,5.91,
                             5.95,5.8,5.5,5.5,5.69,5.66,5.52,5.36,5.48,
                             5.75,5.15,5.47,5.31,5.16,5.11),
                      X5 = c(5.55,5.54,5.29,
                             5.22,5.29,5.26,5.97,5.61,5.36,4.96,4.89,4.79,
                             2.92,2.94,2.99,3.05,3.12,3.01,3.55,3.45,
                             3.23,3.1,2.66,2.76,4.43,4.35,4.53,4.59,4.53,
                             4.41,5.9,5.36,5.51,4.47,4.63,4.56,3.15,
                             3.56,3.53,3.56,3.87,4.11,5.83,5.86,5.56,5.87,
                             5.82,5.63,7.02,6.53,6.4,6.29,5.81,5.76,6.52,
                             6.35,5.74,5.72,5.58,5.5,2.7,2.88,2.57,
                             2.73,2.83,2.84,3.29,3.36,3.56,3.56,3.8,3.6,
                             3.37,3.22,3.95,4.05,4.04,3.69,3.12,3.4,3.53,
                             4.24,3.96,4.08,3.57,3.77,3.87,4.18,4.03,
                             4.24,4.26,4.19,4.44,4.67,4.42,4.39,5.24,5.1,
                             5.1,5.03,5.05,4.86,5.58,5.64,5.73,5.48,5.69,
                             5.76,2.13,2.89,2.47,2.56,3.11,3.56,4.55,
                             4.41,4.4,4.44,4.26,4.22,2.5,2.73,2.36,2.33,
                             2.75,2.6,4.4,4.43,4.45,4.35,4.59,4.43,3.47,
                             3.48,2.88,3.24,3.18,2.92,4.87,4.77,5.65,
                             5.88,5.95,5.46,5.74,5.42,5,4.57,4.25,4.57,
                             4.68,4.52,4.88,5.01,4.78,4.7),
                      X6 = c(4.64,4.98,4.73,
                             4.72,4.02,3.87,6.26,6.34,6.45,6.28,6.31,6.14,
                             3.45,3.62,3.75,3.92,3.91,4.12,3.18,3.75,
                             3.98,4.3,4.55,4.64,3.43,4.16,4.67,4.42,3.6,
                             3.47,6.42,6.22,6.15,5.68,5.76,5.7,5.29,5.6,
                             5.61,5.6,5.55,5.61,6.16,6.45,6.21,6.38,
                             6.36,6.2,6.02,5.89,5.59,5.41,5.28,5.14,6.41,
                             6.38,6.13,5.85,5.61,5.45,4.53,4.14,4.13,4.49,
                             4.59,4.53,3.09,3.93,4.05,3.92,3.37,3.25,
                             4.2,4.44,5.22,5.19,5.33,5.11,3.18,3.66,3.91,
                             4.28,4.32,4.41,4.33,4.4,4.68,5.1,5.18,5.09,
                             4,4.73,4.9,5.13,4.85,4.76,4.46,5.52,5.21,
                             5.4,4.68,4.55,6.68,6.6,6.63,6.79,6.77,6.79,
                             3.57,2.82,3.45,3.68,4.02,4.21,4.73,4.72,
                             4.93,5.18,5.3,5.18,3.41,3.26,2.75,3,3.42,
                             3.53,3.29,4.12,3.9,3.69,3.16,3.01,4.62,5.25,
                             5.24,5.09,4.97,5.03,5.06,5.18,5.76,5.78,
                             5.65,5.52,5.69,5.87,6.04,5.82,5.62,5.5,5.38,
                             5.22,5.61,5.68,5.67,5.49),
                      X7 = c(5.75,6.17,5.93,
                             5.4,5.36,5.21,5.9,6.16,6.22,5.97,5.84,5.68,
                             3.46,3.75,4.15,4.19,4.05,4.26,4.08,4.34,
                             4.41,4.37,4.16,4.25,5.15,5.9,5.95,5.76,5.41,
                             5.25,6.41,6.43,6.32,5.64,5.58,6.05,5.21,4.87,
                             4.39,4.14,3.73,5.14,6.28,6.33,6.16,6.22,
                             6.05,6.31,6.41,6.31,6.33,6.06,5.84,5.73,6.65,
                             6.61,6.45,6.08,5.95,5.76,5.42,5.48,5.4,
                             5.26,5.12,4.79,4.42,4.8,4.74,3.94,4.23,4.13,
                             5.34,5.2,5.55,5.55,5.76,5.38,4.45,4.1,4.6,
                             4.35,4.52,4.63,5.04,5.48,5.17,5.39,5.37,
                             5.21,4.47,4.22,3.73,4.32,4.12,4.36,5.22,5.43,
                             5.8,5.59,5.38,5.62,6.43,6.36,6.5,6.46,6.41,
                             6.58,3.88,3.74,3.65,3.91,4.07,4.46,5.54,
                             5.18,5.53,5.62,5.56,5.45,3.78,4.05,3.64,3.36,
                             3.56,4.04,3.48,3.54,3.18,3.23,3.52,3.47,
                             4.71,4.86,4.64,4.33,4.42,4.32,5.68,5.5,6.02,
                             6.04,5.89,5.83,5.79,6.04,6.25,5.73,5.6,5.76,
                             6.34,5.56,5.94,5.61,5.78,5.51),
                      X8 = c(3.83,3.49,3.77,
                             3.53,3.79,3.71,3.61,3.83,3.85,3.8,3.83,3.66,
                             2.47,2.5,2.97,2.75,2.4,2.94,2.36,2.62,3.06,
                             2.95,3.07,2.98,2.95,3.31,2.95,3.24,3.58,
                             3.29,3.97,3.58,3.93,3.79,3.82,3.92,2.75,3.14,
                             2.51,3.4,3.41,3.32,3.68,3.86,3.98,3.89,
                             4.01,3.82,3.51,3.63,3.64,3.65,3.71,3.59,3.88,
                             4,3.87,4.1,4.12,4.09,3.06,2.48,2.38,3.36,
                             2.85,2.84,3,2.83,2.82,2.97,3.02,3.35,3.82,
                             3.6,3.4,3.8,3.47,3.36,3.19,3.38,3.34,3.36,
                             3.45,3.47,2.53,2.94,2.71,3.22,3.11,2.8,2.64,
                             2.79,2.73,3.04,3.42,2.85,3.67,4.04,3.54,
                             3.82,3.9,3.53,3.99,3.98,3.85,3.96,4.12,3.92,
                             2.88,3.12,3.3,3.26,3.27,3.25,3.24,3.31,
                             3.19,3.26,3.37,3.17,2.6,2.36,2.65,2.83,3,2.58,
                             2.61,2.79,2.88,2.89,3.28,2.79,2.79,2.59,
                             3.05,3.11,2.88,3.42,3.17,3.47,3.4,3.63,3.48,
                             3.62,3.85,3.88,3.68,3.75,3.92,4.05,3.74,
                             3.74,3.73,3.94,3.98,3.77),
                      X9 = c(3.97,3.78,3.71,
                             3.26,3.85,3.88,3.65,3.31,3.73,3.8,4.05,3.99,
                             2.79,3.07,3.25,3.31,2.93,3.23,2.69,2.97,
                             2.95,2.98,3.12,2.93,3.06,3.42,3.01,3.59,3.65,
                             3.75,3.67,3.46,3.7,3.65,3.66,3.53,2.85,
                             3.17,2.82,3.34,3.07,3.26,3.3,3.41,3.85,3.52,
                             3.51,3.56,3.63,3.3,3.73,3.68,3.64,3.55,3.91,
                             3.66,3.67,3.74,3.86,3.86,3.11,2.85,2.69,
                             2.97,2.97,3.3,3.07,2.78,2.99,3.4,3.44,3.22,
                             3.76,3.7,3.4,3.44,3.83,3.42,3.57,3.21,3.53,
                             3.54,3.65,3.51,3.31,3.38,2.72,3.38,3.28,
                             2.74,3,3.19,2.97,3.1,3.49,2.79,3,3.67,3.7,
                             3.82,4.24,3.37,4.05,3.61,3.86,3.64,3.94,3.68,
                             2.92,3.22,3.47,3.46,3.44,3.68,3.23,3.02,
                             3.43,3.43,3.24,3.83,3.2,3.24,2.99,3.32,3.06,
                             3.18,3.09,3.05,2.84,3.3,3.41,3.1,3.14,2.84,
                             3.34,3.05,3.1,3.19,3.45,3.11,3.68,3.51,
                             3.63,3.83,3.9,3.83,3.39,3.76,4,3.92,3.85,3.66,
                             3.63,3.63,3.77,3.67),
                     X10 = c(4.13,3.7,4.1,
                             3.56,4.18,4.08,3.95,4.13,3.98,4.11,4.07,4.13,
                             2.86,2.85,3.1,3,3.06,2.88,2.83,2.53,2.92,3,
                             3.21,3.1,3,3.27,3.34,3.51,3.65,3.72,3.83,
                             3.83,4.14,3.74,4.01,4.01,3,3.17,2.82,3.27,
                             3.18,3.15,3.85,3.92,4.14,3.72,3.88,3.89,
                             3.76,3.87,3.82,3.75,3.82,3.84,4.21,4.14,4.09,
                             4.12,4.28,4.31,3.33,2.69,2.76,3.23,2.91,
                             3.06,3.07,2.87,3.18,3.33,3.35,3.21,3.93,3.82,
                             3.54,3.94,3.79,3.6,3.63,3.74,3.65,3.62,
                             3.77,3.66,2.94,2.96,2.64,3.21,3.29,2.69,2.7,
                             2.85,2.91,2.99,3.49,2.96,3.22,3.67,3.82,3.78,
                             4.01,3.76,4.25,4.16,4.05,4.13,4.22,4.09,
                             3.04,3.26,3.3,3.47,3.39,3.58,3.19,3.31,3.48,
                             3.71,3.15,3.71,2.86,2.68,2.83,3.2,2.82,
                             3.07,3,3.15,3.07,3.16,3.12,3.14,3.09,2.9,3.25,
                             3.51,3.2,3.05,3.55,3.62,3.69,3.83,3.73,
                             3.8,4.06,4.22,3.9,3.98,4.25,3.98,4.02,3.92,
                             3.93,4.03,4.05,4.05),
                     X11 = c(3.97,3.83,3.97,
                             3.93,4.36,4.09,3.96,4.22,4.05,4.11,4.22,4.05,
                             3.14,2.96,3.16,2.88,2.72,3.02,2.46,2.82,
                             3.2,3.11,3.16,3.01,3.27,3.6,3.17,3.56,3.84,
                             3.7,3.76,3.94,4.1,3.36,3.74,4.18,2.84,2.95,
                             3,3.2,3.25,3.21,4.17,4.09,4.14,3.31,4.04,
                             4.32,3.87,4.01,3.97,3.89,4.02,4,4.12,4.18,
                             4.05,4.17,4.27,4.24,3.53,3.31,2.98,3.03,
                             3.59,3.18,3,2.87,3.52,3.82,3.4,3.67,3.96,4.02,
                             3.65,4.13,3.98,3.62,3.66,3.83,3.73,3.84,
                             3.86,3.85,3.06,3.55,2.97,3.5,3.42,2.79,2.6,
                             3.27,2.73,3.17,3.68,3.12,3.56,3.92,3.91,
                             3.68,4.12,3.61,4.14,4.12,4.12,4.07,4.17,4.02,
                             3.12,3.45,3.32,3.54,3.46,3.51,3.44,3.38,3.6,
                             3.71,3.65,3.72,2.86,2.9,3.1,3.39,2.95,
                             3.26,2.87,3.54,2.84,3.02,3.12,2.99,2.91,3.16,
                             3.2,3.51,3.27,3.27,3.62,3.96,3.67,3.54,3.82,
                             3.83,4.15,4.22,3.82,3.97,4.38,3.88,4.1,
                             4.13,4,4.08,4.13,4.11),
                     X12 = c(4.44,4.08,3.79,
                             4.04,4.37,4.25,4.25,4.29,4.2,4.39,4.43,4.41,
                             3.56,3.18,3.56,4.04,3.31,3.31,3.45,3.22,
                             3.54,3.37,3.39,3.59,3.56,4.16,3.4,3.73,3.94,
                             4.13,4.11,4.38,4.21,4.39,3.92,4.41,3.35,
                             3.68,3.23,3.55,4.08,3.8,4.18,4.08,4.1,3.8,
                             4.14,4.28,4.02,4.37,4.02,4.17,4.25,4.15,4.33,
                             4.48,4.32,4.36,4.45,4.39,4.12,3.49,3.32,3.5,
                             3.85,3.66,3.69,3.52,3.41,4.06,3.88,3.79,
                             4.32,4.47,3.77,4.13,3.94,3.76,3.93,4.08,4.05,
                             4.05,4.03,4.13,3.69,3.72,3.08,4.06,3.62,
                             2.88,3.4,3.92,3.7,3.6,4.14,3.65,4,4.58,4.19,
                             4.71,4.8,3.9,4.38,4.41,4.15,4.34,4.41,
                             4.25,3.59,4.52,4.04,4.13,3.8,3.95,4.06,3.84,
                             3.88,3.87,3.95,4.13,3.18,3.45,3.82,4,3.22,
                             3.68,3.26,3.92,3.57,3.94,3.81,3.14,3.73,3.1,
                             3.6,3.82,3.47,3.7,3.86,4.12,4.02,4.07,4,
                             4.06,4.43,4.32,4.26,4.26,4.45,4.28,4.25,4.37,
                             4.19,4.33,4.33,4.33),
                       Y = c(6.56,0.66,0.97,
                             1.04,-2.15,0.46,19.87,11.97,2.35,-0.66,12.44,
                             3.27,27.9,3.08,3.14,0.81,1.91,1.83,7.76,
                             1.96,2.32,5.02,0.53,1.89,5.52,2.96,3.85,2.64,
                             5.03,4.49,2.08,-2.79,0.24,1.33,0.08,0.05,
                             10.3,7.66,6.75,2.56,4.41,4.83,4.86,2.95,1.61,
                             6.77,3.57,-0.88,2.38,0.52,0.6,0.09,0.93,
                             1.37,2.34,1.93,0.8,-0.08,0.45,1.86,0.66,0.11,
                             0.71,1.13,1.42,1.82,2.82,1.79,11.4,5.67,
                             -4.27,5.3,9.15,19.27,21.73,18.67,13.11,-7.34,
                             1.98,0.43,0,1.08,1.52,1.58,7.52,1.76,3.94,
                             2.85,0.93,2.89,5.76,2.75,1.87,-0.38,1.01,
                             2.05,-58.33,73.53,44.99,28.58,52.56,-23.63,
                             13.47,-0.85,2.98,5.05,3.92,12.5,4.62,2.67,
                             2.48,2.62,3.32,2.38,1.17,1.22,3.81,2.13,2.46,
                             2.82,5.57,1.8,1.87,1.61,2.65,2.6,5.21,1.96,
                             3.16,-0.51,0.9,1.12,1.58,0.22,0.73,2.11,
                             2.79,2.53,4.37,2.81,1.94,1.65,2.56,3.17,5.86,
                             0.02,2.95,0.69,3.71,0.69,5.7,2.35,2.05,
                             0.81,9.6,2.29)
      ) 



plm(formula = Y ~ X3 + X4 + X5 + X6 + X7 + X8 + X9 + X10 + X11 +
      X12 + factor(country) + factor(year), data = Data_Filip_Victoria_EJIM,
    model = "within")
5

Thank you for your help, but unfortunately, the factor(country) does not appear with your suggested code...

6

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