check() should return the path to the temp directory used to run the checks. I tried it but check() does not seem to return a thing when the check Errors.
If you are trying retrieve the error messages I would suggest you call detools::check() with error_on = "never", and then use the result$errors field to retrieve the check errors.
And just tried rcmdcheck to the same effect. Can't get a result.
> result <- rcmdcheck::rcmdcheck(error_on = "never")
....
SUMMARY: processing the following files failed:
'Auxiliary_prolfquaAbstract_BioC2021.Rmd' 'Comparing2Groups.Rmd'
Error: Vignette re-building failed.
Execution halted
Error in proc$get_built_file() : Build process failed
> result
Error: object 'result' not found
>
Your error is occuring when Vignettes are built. This happens when building the package, not checking which is why the error_on argument had no effect.
If your vignettes can't be built for whatever reason you can use devtools::check(vignettes = FALSE) to suppress building and checking vignettes.