OK. I just discovered that the (gl=none, angle=none) stuff in the first error dump is probably meaningless. I get the same slew of messages on my system (Linux Mint), after which RStudio launches just fine.
What I don't get is the "ContextResult::kTransientFailure" messages. Some googling turned up that message in the context of issues with Chromium, which may be what RStudio uses for the GUI (?). You might try starting RStudio with the option --use-gl=desktop, which was reported to help with Chromium.