How to compare one value with the rest of the values within a Group

General
2

In future, please post your data in a copy & paste-friendly format by following the guide here. It's tedious to recreate data from the format you've shared so I'm only going to recreate a few records.

I'm making a couple of assumptions regarding your question. There is no variable in your dataset called AESTDT so I presume you mean AESTDTC. Secondly, since you've said that the last two records have overlapping intervals, I presume that entries having the same AESTDTC and AEENDTC are also considered as overlapping.

Your puzzle is challenging and the solution I've provided is somewhat ugly but does the job.

library(tidyverse)
library(lubridate, warn.conflicts = FALSE)

df <- tribble(
  ~PATIENT, ~AESTDTC, ~AEENDTC, ~AETERM1, ~AEPT,
  1234, "1-Sep-19", "29-Sep-19", "THROMBOCYTOPENIA", "THROMBOCYTOPENIA",
  1234, "20-Sep-19", "1-Oct-19", "THROMBOCYTOPENIA", "THROMBOCYTOPENIA",
  1234, "1-Dec-19", "3-Dec-19", "THROMBOCYTOPENIA", "THROMBOCYTOPENIA",
  1234, "4-Jan-18", "31-Jan-18", "NEUTROPENIA", "NEUTROPENIA",
  1234, "3-Jul-19", "30-Jul-19", "NEUTROPENIA", "NEUTROPENIA",
  3134, "16-Jan-20", NA, "LEUKOPENIA", "LEUKOPENIA",
  3134, "4-Sep-12", "7-Sep-12", "LEUKOPENIA", "LEUKOPENIA",
  3134, "21-Aug-12", "4-Sep-12", "LEUKOPENIA", "LEUKOPENIA"
)

df <- mutate_at(df, vars(AESTDTC, AEENDTC), dmy)

intervals <- df %>%
  mutate(AE_interval = interval(AESTDTC, AEENDTC)) %>%
  group_by(PATIENT, AEPT) %>%
  summarise(AE_interval = list(AE_interval), .groups = "drop")

records_with_overlap <- df %>%
  left_join(intervals, by = c("PATIENT", "AEPT")) %>%
  mutate(overlap = map2(AESTDTC, AE_interval, `%within%`)) %>%
  rowwise() %>%
  mutate(overlap_count = reduce(overlap, sum)) %>%
  ungroup() %>%
  filter(overlap_count > 1)

semi_join(df, records_with_overlap)
#> Joining, by = c("PATIENT", "AESTDTC", "AEENDTC", "AETERM1", "AEPT")
#> # A tibble: 2 x 5
#>   PATIENT AESTDTC    AEENDTC    AETERM1          AEPT            
#>     <dbl> <date>     <date>     <chr>            <chr>           
#> 1    1234 2019-09-20 2019-10-01 THROMBOCYTOPENIA THROMBOCYTOPENIA
#> 2    3134 2012-09-04 2012-09-07 LEUKOPENIA       LEUKOPENIA

Created on 2020-09-04 by the reprex package (v0.3.0)