getting unused arguments (input = list(, TRUE, function (x) ) in R

You are not including an output for the plot in your UI function i.e. plotOutput() Does, this work for you?

library(shiny)
library(RODBC)
library(ggplot2)

ui <- fluidPage(
    h5("R Shiny Demo - dateInput widget"),
    hr(),
    dateInput("date", 
              label="Date Input",
              value = Sys.Date(), 
              min = Sys.Date() - 10, 
              max = Sys.Date() + 10,
              width = "100px", 
              format="yyyy-mm-dd"),
    plotOutput("main_plot")
)

shinyServer <- function(input, output, session) {
    
    dbhandle <- odbcDriverConnect('driver={SQL Server};server=xxxx\\xxxx;database=xxxx;trusted_connection=true')
    
    output$main_plot <- renderPlot ({
        currTableSQL <- paste("select CUSIP, sum(MarketValue)/100000000 as MV from dbo.Position
                        where _FILEDATE = '",input$date,"'
                        and CUSIP in ('BRS28U233','B0A09Z738','BSR4XWWC3','BSR21JQP9','BRS3ZWL36','BSR4JTZB5')
                        group by CUSIP
                        ;")
        currTableDF <- sqlQuery(dbhandle,currTableSQL)
        
        ggplot(currTableDF, aes(CUSIP,MV, color = "red", fill = "red")) +
            geom_col()
    })
}

shinyApp(ui, shinyServer)