Thanks! Can you also share the output of:
getOption("download.file.method")
renv:::renv_download_file_method()
I wonder if renv is selecting a different download method that for some reason does not work on your machine. If that's the case, then setting:
RENV_DOWNLOAD_FILE_METHOD = <method>
where <method> is the same as what's currently set for the download.file.method option should help. (That can be set in your project's .Renviron file.)